1	Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley & O'Loughlin Chapter 10 Lecture Outline: Muscle Tissue and Organization
2	Tissue and Organization Over 700 skeletal muscles have been named. Form the muscular system. Muscle tissue is distributed almost everywhere in the body. Responsible for the movement of materials within and throughout the body.
3	4 Unique Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Excitability is equated with responsiveness. Contractility causes the fiber to shorten resulting in either a pull on bones or the movement of specific body parts. Elasticity is the muscle’s ability to return to its original length when tension is released. Extensibility is capability of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle fibers.
4	Functions of Skeletal Muscle Body Movement Maintenance of posture Temperature regulation Storage and movement of materials Support
5	Composition of Skeletal Muscle Each skeletal muscle is composed of fascicles. bundles of muscle fibers Muscle fibers contain myofibrils. composed of myofilaments
6	Endomysium Innermost connective tissue layer Surrounds each muscle fiber Help bind together neighboring muscle fibers and Support capillaries near fibers
7	Perimysium Surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles. Has a dense irregular connective tissue sheath which contains extensive arrays of blood vessels and nerves that branch to supply each individual fascicle.
8	Epimysium A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.
9	Deep Fascia An expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue separates individual muscles binds together muscles with similar functions forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels fill spaces between muscles
10	Muscle Attachments Tendon attaches the muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle. Tendons usually have a thick, cordlike structure. Sometimes forms a thin, flattened sheet, termed an aponeurosis.
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13	Muscle Origin and Insertion Most skeletal muscles extend between bones and cross at least one movable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other bone usually remains fixed. Less movable attachment of a muscle is called its origin. More movable attachment of the muscle is its insertion. Insertion is pulled toward the origin. Origin typically lies proximal to the insertion.
14	Blood Vessels and Nerves Extends through both the epimysium and perimysium. Blood vessels deliver to the muscle fibers both nutrients and oxygen needed for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Also remove waste products produced by the muscle fibers.
15	Skeletal Muscle Contraction Classified as voluntary muscles because they are controlled by the somatic (voluntary) nervous system. The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called motor neurons. Axon (or nerve fiber) transmits a nerve impulse to a muscle fiber. Axon travels through the epimysium and perimysium, and enters the endomysium, where it sends a nerve impulse to an individual muscle fiber.
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18	Sarcomere The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. Defined as the distance from one Z disc to the next adjacent Z disc. Myofibrils contain multiple Z discs Numerous sarcomeres in each myofibril. Each shortens as the muscle fiber contracts.
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24	Motor Neuron Initiates muscle contraction in a single muscle fiber. A single motor neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle. Has a neuromuscular junction with each muscle fiber it controls.
25	Motor Unit Composed of a single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers. Typically controls only some of the muscle fibers in an entire muscle. Most muscles have many motor units. many motor neurons are needed to innervate an entire muscle
26	All-Or-None Principle All-or-none principle: A muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all. When a motor unit is stimulated, all its fibers contract at the same time. The total force exerted by the muscle depends on the number of activated motor units.
27	Muscle Tone Some motor units are always active, even when a muscle is at rest. The motor units cause the muscle to become tense, but do not produce enough tension to cause movement. Muscle tone is the resting tension in a skeletal muscle.
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29	Contraction Isometric length of the muscle does not change because the tension produced never exceeds the resistance (load) tension is generated, but not enough to move the load Isotonic tension produced exceeds the resistance (load), and the muscle fibers shorten, resulting in movement
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31	Muscle Atrophy Reduction in muscle size, tone, and power. Due to reduced stimulation, it loses both mass and tone. Muscle becomes flaccid, and its fibers decrease in size and become weaker. Even a temporary reduction in muscle use can lead to muscular atrophy.
32	Muscle Hypertrophy An increase in muscle fiber size. Muscle size may be improved by exercising. Repetitive, exhaustive stimulation of muscle fibers results in more mitochondria, larger glycogen reserves, and an increased ability to produce ATP. Ultimately, each muscle fiber develops more myofibrils, and each myofibril contains a larger number of myofilaments.
33	Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Fast are large in diameter contain large glycogen reserves densely packed myofibrils relatively few mitochondria called white fibers due to lack of myoglobin majority of skeletal muscle fibers in the body Intermediate resemble fast fibers; however have a greater resistance to fatigue Slow smaller and they contract more slowly called red fibers because due to myoglobin
34	Skeletal Muscle Has Striations Appearance is due to size and density differences between thick filaments and thin filaments. Under the light microscope, two differently shaded bands are present. The dark bands, called A bands, contain the entire thick filament. At either end of a thick filament is a region where thin filaments extend into the A band between the stacked thick filaments. Light bands, called I bands, contain thin filaments only. I band is lighter shaded than an A band because only the thin filaments occupy this region.
35	Four Organizational Patterns in Fascicles Circular - muscle is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening. Convergent - muscle has widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular in shape. Parallel - fascicles run parallel to its long axis. have a central body, called the belly, or gaster Pennate - have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon.
36	3 Types of Pennate Muscles Unipennate muscle - all of the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon. Bipennate muscle - the most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon. Multipennate muscle - has branches of the tendon within the muscle.
37	3 Classes of Levers in the Body In the body, a long bone acts as a lever, a joint serves as the fulcrum, and the effort is generated by a muscle attached to the bone. First-class has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the resistance Second-class resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force Third-class force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum the most common levers in the body
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39	Actions of Skeletal Muscles Grouped according to their primary actions into three types: Agonists - also called a prime mover contracts to produce a particular movement Antagonists - actions oppose those of the agonist Synergists assist the prime mover in performing its action. the contraction contributes to tension exerted close to the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of origin may also assist an agonist by preventing movement at a joint and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist called fixators
40	Criteria for Naming of Muscles Names incorporate appearance, location, function, orientation, and unusual features Names provide clues to their identification orientation of muscle fibers muscle attachments specific body regions muscle shape muscle size muscle heads/tendons of origin muscle function or movement muscle position at body surface
41	Cardiac Muscle Fibers are individual muscle fibers arranged in thick bundles within the heart wall. Fibers are striated like skeletal muscle fibers, but shorter and thicker, and they have only one or two nuclei. Fibers form Y-shaped branches and join to adjacent muscle fibers at junctions termed intercalated discs. Fibers are autorhythmic (can generate a muscle impulse without being stimulated).
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44	Smooth Muscle Composed of short muscle fibers that have a fusiform shape and single centrally located nucleus. Thick and thin filaments are not precisely aligned so no visible striations or sarcomeres are present. Z discs are absent - thin filaments are attached to dense bodies by elements of the cytoskeleton. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse. Transverse tubules are absent. Contraction is slow, resistant to fatigue, and usually sustained for an extended period of time. Takes longer than skeletal muscle to contract and relax. Contraction is under involuntary control.
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46	Development of Skeletal Muscle Initiated during the fourth week of embryonic development when mesodermal cells form thick blocks along each side of the developing neural tube. Blocks, called paraxial mesoderm, form structures called somites. sclerotome separates from the rest of the somite and gives rise to the vertebral skeleton dermatome forms the connective tissue of the skin myotome gives rise to the skeletal muscles
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49	Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle Slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity. Size and power of all muscle tissues also decrease Lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose or fibrous connective tissue. Muscle strength and endurance are impaired. Decreased cardiovascular performance thus. Increased circulatory supply to active muscles occurs much more slowly Tolerance for exercise decreases. Tendency toward rapid fatigue. Muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from disease or injury. Elasticity of skeletal muscle also decreases.